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Sperm can be blocked in different parts of your reproductive system:
- In the testicles, where sperm are made
- In the epididymis, the tube that carries sperm from your testicle
- In the vas deferens, the tube that moves sperm toward your prostate
The most common reasons for these blockages are infections (like gonorrhoea, chlamydia, or tuberculosis), birth defects, or injuries to the private area.
How the blockage is treated depends on how serious it is and where it is. In some cases, surgery can be used to remove the blockage or reconnect the tubes so that sperm can flow normally again. Your doctor will discuss the most suitable treatment with you, taking into account your situation and your partner’s fertility.
This chapter contains general information about obstructive male infertility. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment. Always consult your doctor or healthcare provider for guidance on your individual medical situation.
Last updated: June 2026
Reviewed by (2026 update):
- Dr. Afonso Morgado (EAU Guidelines Panel on Sexual and Reproductive Health)