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Understanding the surgery
Radical nephrectomy is used when the cancer has grown beyond the kidney into nearby tissue but has not spread to distant organs. It can also be used in stage 1 kidney cancer when a partial nephrectomy is not possible. If the tumour has grown into large veins (like the renal vein or the vena cava), the surgeon may also remove the tumour clot during surgery. This type of surgery is more complex and is usually done in specialised centres.
Most people can live with just one healthy kidney without serious problems.
There are two ways to do a radical nephrectomy.
- One option is open surgery. The doctor makes a cut in the abdomen to directly reach the kidney and tumour.
- The other option is laparoscopic surgery. The doctor makes small cuts and uses thin tube-like tools to see inside the body and remove the tumour. Sometimes, a surgical robot is used to assist with laparoscopic surgery. This is called robot-assisted surgery.
Both methods work well. People often recover faster with laparoscopic surgery. It is more complicated and needs a doctor who is experienced with it.
- Open surgery
- You will have general anaesthesia (you will be asleep and not feel pain).
- The doctor makes a cut in your side or abdomen.
- The kidney is carefully removed along with surrounding tissue, and sometimes the adrenal gland and nearby lymph nodes.
- Laparoscopic surgery
- You will have general anaesthesia (you will be asleep and not feel pain).
- The doctor makes small cuts in your side or abdomen.
- The doctor uses a small camera and special tools to help remove the kidney.
- One of the small cuts is made slightly larger so the kidney can be taken out.
- This way of doing surgery usually helps you heal faster and feel less pain.
This chapter contains general information about radical nephrectomy for kidney cancer. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment. Always consult your doctor or healthcare provider for guidance on your individual medical situation.
Last updated: September 2025
Reviewed by:
- Ms. Claudia Ungarelli (Patient Office EPAG)
- Dr. Gaëlle Margue (YAU Working Group on Renal Cell Carcinoma)